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Basic introduction to the Pythagorean circle of fifths and the physical basis for the need for alternative tuning systems.

Introduction to tuning systems, based on the Western cents system. Written by Terry Blackburn.

Discusses the development of tuning systems in Medieval Europe.

Dictionary of common terms used in just tuning and equal temperament style tunings.

Includes information on the differences between equal temperament and well temperament and why Bach rejected equal temperament and celebrated well temperament.

Tradational tunings of the grand piano and Beethoven's specific tunings.

Pitch Palette software tunes a microtunable synthesizer to just intonation, world scales, historic scales and user scales in real time.

Excel spreadsheet that analyzes keyboard temperaments: gives beat rates for tuning, and harmonic-tension charts in all keys.

Previously unknown temperament found on the autograph title page of the "Well-Tempered Clavier"; published 2005. Includes explanations and links to scholarly articles.

Color-coded descriptions of tunings and temperaments from the 9th Century through the 16th Century.

Describes proper tunings and scale construction for the Great Highland Bagpipe.

Article by Margo Schulter written in 1998.

Tool for the study of temperament anomalies.

Fred Lerdahl's paper regarding the use of equal temperament over just tuning.

The historical development of musical tuning systems from ancient Greek origins to the development of equal temperament.